Considerable changes of basic sociocultural and mental characteristics of the “Russian majority”, that had taken place by the end of the past century, predetermined in many respects the emergence of the modern phenomenon – of a Russian proto-nation, which has not yet formed its adequate national statehood according with its values and self-consciousness. This process is going on and determines in many respects the overall direction of the reform both of the state arrangement of the country on the whole and of the political system in particular.