Expert Community and Power:
Models of Interaction and Problems of Civil Responsibility
DOI: 10.17976/jpps/2018.04.10
Abstract
The article considers the main models of interaction between the authorities and the expert community, as well as the conditions for maintaining civil responsibility of experts. The text is based both on the results of previous studies and on the materials of 15 semi-structured interviews with experts conducted in the spring of 2017 in Moscow and St. Petersburg, most of which have experience of responsible work in federal or regional government bodies or interaction with international organizations, as well as academic work in universities or NGOs. Expert interviews were analyzed with the method of the “categorical content analysis scheme” and the QDA Miner Light program. Based on the criterion of the main affiliation (or lack thereof) and the degree of remoteness from the high authority, six categories of experts are identified that are involved both in the processes of politics – the struggle for the conquest or retention of power, and the process of policy – preparing and adopting political and managerial decisions. Along with the previously shown models of interaction between experts and authorities – a linear autonomous model, a model of virtuous intelligence and a model of “prepaid result”, the author suggests the fourth one, the model of initiative expertise, within which projects of political and managerial decisions are developed without the participation of executive power. It is shown that a certain level of civil responsibility of experts can be supported by the corporate ethics of the expert community, the development of which is promoted by professional expert associations.
Keywords
expert community; models of interaction between experts and government; citizen responsibility, policy decision.
ReferencesGwyn W.B. Ombudsman Policy Innovation in the English-Speaking World. Research Report – Institute of Governmental Studies, Univ. of California; 80-2. Berkeley: Univ. of California. 1980. 51 p.
Jasanoff S. Quality Control and Peer Review in Advisory Science. — The Politics of Scientific Advice: Institutional Design for Quality Assurance. Ed. by J. Lentsch, P. Weingart. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2011. P. 19-35.
Letyagin L.N. Profannoe i sakral’noe: technologiya rekonstruktsii kulturnyh form. [Profane and Sacral: technology of culture forms reconstruction]. – Filosofia i kultirologiya v sovremennoy expertnoy deyatelnosti [Philosophy and Culturology in the Contemporary Expert Activities]. St. Petersburg: RGPU Publishung. 2011. P. 220-230. (In Russ.)
Makarychev A.S. States, Expert Communities and Regimes of Knowledge-Power. – Political Science (RU). 2015. No. 3. P. 9-26. (In Russ.)
Medushevskiy A.N. Teoriya konctitutsionnych tsiklov [Theory of Constitutional Cycles]. Мoscow: The Higher School of Economics Publishing House. 2005. 575 p. (In Russ.)
Nesterov A.N. Experika: obschaya teoriya expertizy [Experika: Common Theory of Expertise]. Мoscow: The Higher School of Economics Publishing House. 2014. 261 с. (In Russ.)
Patzelt W.J. Metody politicheskoj nauki [Methods of Political Science]. – Metodicheskie podhody politologicheskogo issledovaniya i metateoreticheskie osnovy politicheskoj teorii. Kommentirovannoe vvedenie. Sost. K. Konegen, K. Shubert [Methodical Approaches of a Political Research and Metatheoretical Bases of the Political Theory. Introduction. Ed. by K. Konegen, K. Schubert]. Мoscow: ROSSPEN. 2004. P. 133-165. (In Russ.)
Politicheskoye konsultirovanie. Pod red. E.V. Egorovoy-Gartman i I.E.Mintusova [Political Consulting. Ed. by. E.V. Egorova-Gartman, I.R. Mintusov]. Мoscow: Nikkollo-Media. 2002. 471 p. (In Russu)
Rol’ expertno-analiticheskikh soobschestv v formirovanii obschestvennoy povestki dnya v sovremennoy Rossii. Otv. red. O.Yu. Malinova [Role of Expert-Analytic Communities in Creation of Public Agenda in Contemporary Russia. Ed. by O.Yu. Malinova]. Мoscow: INION RAS. 2017. 181 p. (In Russ.)
Sabatier P.A. The Advocacy Coalition Framework: Revisions and Relevance for Europe. – Journal of European Public Policy. 1998. Vol. 5. No. 1. P. 98-130.
Setevaya expertiza. Pod red. D.A. Novikova, A.N. Raykova [Net Expertise. Ed. by D.A. Novikov, A.N. Raykov]. Moscow: Egves. 2011. 166 p. (In Russ.)
Sidel’nikov Yu.V. Sistemniy anaiz technologii exprtnogo prognozirovaniya [System Analysis of Technology of Expert Prognostics]. Moscow: MAI-PRINT. 2007. 347 p. (In Russ.)
Sungurov A.Yu. Role and Functions of Experts in the Process of Governmental Decision Making. – Upravlencheskoye konsultirovanie. 2017. No. 6. P. 8-15. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.22394/1726-1139-2017-6-8-15
Sungurov A.Yu. Vremya i politika: vvedenie v chronipolitics [Time and Politics: Introduction to Chronopolitics]. St. Petersburg: Aleteya. 2016. 186 p. (In Russ.)
Sungurov A.Yu., Karyagin M.E. Russian Expert Community and Government: Main Forms of Interaction. – Polis. Political Studies. 2017. No. 3. P. 144-159. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17976/jpps/2017.03.10
Sungurov A.Yu., Tinyakov D.K. Administrative Reform and Its Projects in Modern Russia: Were There Advocacy Coalitions? – Obschectvennye nauki i sovremennost’. 2016. No. 2. P. 39-52. (In Russ.)
Tulchinskiy G.L. Humanitarian Expertise as Social Technology. – Uchenye zapiski Sankt-Peterburgskoy Academii upravleniya i economics. 2010. No. 3 (29). P. 28-38. (In Russ.)
See also:
Sungurov A.Yu., Karyagin M.E.,
Russian Expert Community and Government: Main Forms of Interaction. – Polis. Political Studies. 2017. No3 Karyagin M.E., Sungurov A.Yu.,
Contemporary Russian Political Science Community – the First Steps to the Analysis. – Polis. Political Studies. 2016. No2 Sungurov A.Yu.,
Expert community, think tanks and power: experience of three regions. – Polis. Political Studies. 2014. No2 Ogneva Yu.I., Kalmykov N.N.,
Expert Opinion: Image of the Ideal Politician in Russia. – Polis. Political Studies. 2017. No1 Smorgunov L.V., Pavroz A.V.,
Political Decision Making: Theory and Methodology. – Polis. Political Studies. 2005. No4