Shimmering Secularism:
Religion in Russian Public Space
Malakhov V.S.,
Director of the Centre for Political Theory and Applied Political Science, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, vmalachov@yandex.ru
elibrary_id: 223604 |
Letnyakov D.E.,
Researcher at the Centre for Political Theory and Applied Political Science, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, letnyakov@mail.ru
elibrary_id: 588916 |
DOI: 10.17976/jpps/2020.01.10
Malakhov V.S., Letnyakov D.E. Shimmering Secularism: Religion in Russian Public Space. – Polis. Political Studies. 2020. No. 1. https://doi.org/10.17976/jpps/2020.01.10
Those who express concern about “desecularization” of the Russian state seem to ignore the phenomenon of systemic hypocrisy, characteristic for the activity of organizations in general and of authorities in particular. The issue is, first, that there is an unavoidable gap between the public selfpresentation of the organization (“symbolic politics”) and its practical actions (“real politics”). Second, systemic hypocrisy manifests itself in the fact that separate parts of the organization (in our context – various state institutions) act in different directions. At the level of public self-presentation the Russian state, in fact, avoids a clear positioning with regard to its own secularity. Two discursive regimes coexist in official rhetoric: on the one hand, the state proclaims its commitment to secularism, on the other hand, it distances itself from “Western” secularism. The state periodically calls into play one discursive regime, turning off the second, and vice versa. However, these manipulations do not have institutional consequences.
References
Berger P., Davie G., Fokas E. 2008. Religious America, Secular Europe? A Theme and Variations. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
Bhargava R. 2011. Rehabilitating Secularism. – Rethinking Secularism. Ed. by C. Calhoun, M. Juergensmeyer, J. VanAntwerpen. Oxford – New York: Oxford University Press. P. 92-113. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1537592712003246
Brunsson N. 1989. The Organization of Hypocrisy: Talk, Decisions and Actions in Organizations. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1177/017084069201300211
Brunsson N. 2007. The Consequences of Decision-Making. Oxford – New York: Oxford University Press.
Casanova J. 2009. The Secular and Secularisms. – Social Research. Vol. 76. No. 4. P. 1049-1066.
Froese P. 2004. Forced Secularization in Soviet Russia: Why an Atheist Monopoly Failed. – Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. Vol. 43. No. 1. P. 35-50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2004.00216.x
Lisovskaya E., Karpov V. 2010. Orthodoxy, Islam, and the Desecularization of Russia’s State Schools. – Politics and Religion. No. 3. P. 276-302. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1755048310000040
Madeley J.A. 2003. Framework for the Comparative Analysis of Church-State Relations in Europe. – West European Politics. Vol. 26. No. 1. P. 23-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402380412331300187
March J.G., Olsen J.P. 1989. Rediscovering Institutions: The Organizational Basis of Politics. New York: Free Press.
Stepan A. 2011. The Multiple Secularisms of Modern Democratic and Non-Democratic Regimes. – Rethinking Secularism. Ed. by C. Calhoun, M. Juergensmeyer, J. VanAntwerpen. Oxford – New York: Oxford University Press. P. 114-144. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1537592712003246
The Desecularization of the World: Resurgent Religion and World Politics. 1999. Ed. by Peter L. Berger. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.
Zrinščak S. 2011. Church, State and Society in Post-Communist Europe. – Religion and the State. A Comparative Sociology. Ed. by J. Barbalet, A. Possamai, B.S. Turner. London – New York – Delhi: Anthem Press. P. 157-182. https://doi.org/10.7135/upo9780857288073.008
Bourdieu P. 2017. Sur l’Etat : Cours au College de France (1989-1992). (Russ. ed.: Bourdieu P. O gosudarstve. Kurs lektsii v Kollezh de Frans (1989-1992). Moscow: Delo).
Il’in G.L. 2012. About Clericalization of Russian Education. – Science and School. No. 5. P. 190-193. (In Russ.)
Izobretenie religii: desekulyarizatsiya v postsovetskom kontekste [Invention of Religion: Desecularization in the Post-Soviet Context]. 2015. Ed. by Zh.V. Kormina, A.A. Panchenko, S.A. Shtyrkov. Saint Petersburg: EUSP Press. (In Russ.)
Karpov V. 2012. The Conceptual Foundations of the Desecularization Theory. – Gosudarstvo, religiia, tserkov’ v Rossii i za rubezhom. Vol. 30. No. 2. (In Russ.)
Knorre B. 2014. Rossiiskoe pravoslavie. Postsekulyarnaya institutsionalizatsiya v prostranstve vlasti, politiki i prava [Russian Orthodoxy. Post-Secular Institutionalization in the Realm of Power, Politics, and the Law]. – Montazh i demontazh sekulyarnogo mira [Constructing and Deconstructing the Secular World]. Ed. by A. Malashenko, S. Filatov. Moscow: ROSSPEN Publ. P. 42-102. (In Russ.)
Krzhevov V.S. 2012. Religion in Contemporary Russia: the Spiritual Revival or Clericalization of Society. – Russian Journal of Philosophical Sciences. No.10. P. 93-105. (In Russ.)
Kurilov V.A. 2018. Sovetskaya model’ sekulyarizatsii: politicheskoe i pravovoe regulirovanie svobody sovesti v SSSR (vtoraya polovina XX veka): religiovedcheskii analiz [The Soviet Model of Secularization: Political and Legal Regulation of the Freedom of Conscience in the USSR (Second Half of the 20th Century): Through the Lens of Religious Studies. Synopsis of PhD thesis. Saint Petersburg. (In Russ.)
Malinova O.Yu. 2010. Symbolic Politics and the Constructing of Macro-Political Identity in Post-Soviet Russia. – Polis. Political Studies. No. 2. P. 90-105. (In Russ.) URL: https://www.politstudies.ru/article/4261(accessed 24.11.2019).
Mitrokhin N. 2004. Klerikalizatsiya obrazovaniya i reaktsiya sovremennogo rossiiskogo obshchestva [Clericalization of Education and the Reaction of Contemporary Russian Society]. Moscow: Sova. (In Russ.) URL: http://www.sova-center.ru/religion/publications/secularism-limits/2004/10/d2840/ (accessed 24.11.2019).
Potseluev S.P. 1999. Symbolical Politics: A Constellation of Concepts for an Approach to the Problem. – Polis. Political Studies. No. 5. P. 62-75. (In Russ.)
Rastimeshina T.V. 2012. Clericalization of Secondary Education: a Humanistic and Political Dimension. – Bulletin of the Moscow State Academy of Business Administration. Vol. 15. No. 3. P. 173-180. (In Russ.)
Shnirel’man V.A. 2017a. Pravoslavnye fundamentalisty Rossii v epokhu “kul’turnykh voin” [Orthodox Fundamentalists of Russia in the Era of “Cultural Wars”]. – Etnicheskoe i religioznoe mnogoobrazie Rossii [Ethnic and Religious Diversity of Russia]. Ed. by V.A. Tishkov, V.V. Stepanov. Moscow: IEA RAN Publ. P. 200-229. (In Russ.)
Shnirel’man V. 2017b. Religious Culture or Invitation to Religion: What Are the New Textbooks About? – Gosudarstvo, religiia, tserkov’ v Rossii i za rubezhom. Vol. 35. No. 4. P. 89-118. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.22394/2073-7203-2017-35-4-89-118
Stoeckl K. 2018. Three Models of Church-State Relations in Contemporary Russia. – Gosudarstvo, religiia, tserkov’ v Rossii i za rubezhom. Vol. 36. No. 3. P. 195-223. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.22394/2073-7203-2018-36-3-195-223
Toshchenko Zh.T. 2009. Teokratiya, klerikalizm, svetskost’ [Theocracy, Clericalism, Secularism]. – Vera. Etnos. Natsiya. Religioznyi komponent etnicheskogo soznaniya [Belief. Ethnos. Nation. The Religious Component of Ethnic Consciousness]. Ed. by M.P. Mchedlov. Moscow: Kul’turnaya revolyutsiya Publ. P. 84-110. (In Russ.)
Uzlaner D. 2010. Soviet Model of Secularization. – Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya. No. 6. P. 62-69. (In Russ.)
Viktorova A. 2003. Vremya podvodit’ itogi [Time to Sum Up]. – Predely svetskosti: obshchestvennaya diskussiya o printsipe svetskosti gosudarstva i putyakh realizatsii svobody sovesti [Limits of Secularism: Public Discussion on the Principle of Secularism of the State and Ways of Realization of Freedom of Conscience]. Ed. by A. Verkhovskii. Moscow: Sova. P. 211-226. (In Russ.)
Zveerde van der E. 2012. Understanding “the Secular”. – Gosudarstvo, religiia, tserkov’ v Rossii i za rubezhom. Vol. 30. No 2. P. 82-91. (In Russ.)
See also:
Habermas J.,
Religion, law and politics. – On political justice in a multicultural World-Society. – Polis. Political Studies. 2010. No2
Zubov A.B.,
Christians and Politics: Persecuting Church and Persecuted Church. Why Will All Who Seek Living in Christ, Will Be Persecuted?. – Polis. Political Studies. 2008. No2
Editorial Introduction,
Manuscripts Don’t Burn! Introduction to the Rubric “Symbolic Politics”. – Polis. Political Studies. 2015. No4
Malinova O.Yu.,
Symbolic politics and the constructing of macro-political identity in post-soviet Russia. – Polis. Political Studies. 2010. No2
Chimiris Ye.S., Dontzev S.P.,
The church and modernization in Russia: in search of new value foundations. – Polis. Political Studies. 2010. No6