The article offers comparative analysis of the tendencies of international political development in the Modern epoch and in the epoch of late Antiquity, analysis of contradictions proper to the process of translation of socio-political and economic leadership. Basic parallels are revealed and analyzed, between the world order change at the border of the 20th and 21st centuries, on the one hand, and the political upheavals in Eurasia in the first centuries A.C., on the other. The authors point to the non-accidental character of these parallels, which is related to the processes of integration and universalization in politics, economy, and culture. With due account of the parallels revealed and of essential distinctions, the main problems of the development of modern globalizing world are analyzed, as well as prospects for, and the nowadays key scenarios of realizing global intercivilizational integration.