The problem of modernization announced by President Medvedev, finds response in many institutions of Russian society – and in religious organizations, too. The article deals with the prospects of interaction of Russian Orthodox Church and the State in the context of modernization projects, as formulated by President Medvedev and by Patriarch Kirill. The authors are in search of answers to such questions, as: how prospective eventual synthesis of the two conceptions may prove; and whether constructive dialogue between the Church and the State on these matters, so important today, is possible.