Как и зачем измерять и сравнивать государственную состоятельность разных стран мира? Теоретико-методологические основания
Ахременко А. С.,
Доктор политических наук, профессор факультета социальных наук, академический руководитель магистерской программы “Прикладная политология”, Национальный исследовательский университет “Высшая школа экономики”, aakhremenko@hse.ru
elibrary_id: 124097 | ORCID: 0000-0001-8002-7307 | RESEARCHER_ID: L-3000-2015
Горельский И. Е.,
студент магистерской программы “Прикладная политология” факультета социальных наук, Национальный исследовательский университет “Высшая школа экономики”, iegorelskiy@edu.hse.ru
ORCID: 0000-0001-8489-0562 | RESEARCHER_ID: V-3961-2018Мельвиль А. Ю.,
Доктор философских наук, профессор, декан факультета социальных наук, Национальный исследовательский университет “Высшая школа экономики”, amelville@hse.ru
elibrary_id: 251142 | ORCID: 0000-0002-1414-5783 | RESEARCHER_ID: B-1152-2014
DOI: 10.17976/jpps/2019.02.02
Ахременко А. С., Горельский И. Е., Мельвиль А. Ю. Как и зачем измерять и сравнивать государственную состоятельность разных стран мира? Теоретико-методологические основания. – Полис. Политические исследования. 2019. № 2. С. 8-23. https://doi.org/10.17976/jpps/2019.02.02
В данной статье рассматриваются теоретико-методологические основания концепта государственной состоятельности, под которой понимается способность государства выбирать и эффективно реализовывать собственные решения, в том числе касающиеся внутренней и внешней политики. Авторы подчеркивают, что одной из отличительных особенностей концепта является его многомерность, что приводит их к идее рассмотрения государственной состоятельности как многосоставного явления, комплекса взаимосвязанных способностей (“состоятельностей”), которыми обладает современное государство. В соответствии с данным предположением авторы останавливаются на трех основных измерениях государственной состоятельности: военно-принуждающей (обеспечение внешней безопасности и внутреннего порядка), экстрактивной (доступные в распоряжении государства финансовые ресурсы) и административно-бюрократической (качество административных и бюрократических институтов) способностях государства. Выбор измерений опирался прежде всего на идею наличия у любого современного государства ключевых (“зонтичных”) функций, которые, в свою очередь, могут послужить критерием для проведения сравнительных исследований. При переходе к операционализации подчеркивается особая важность соблюдения баланса между “максималистским” и “минималистским” подходами к отбору показателей. В рамках работы приводится обоснование использования набора индикаторов государственной состоятельности (для принуждающей способности – данные по военным расходам и агрегированный показатель контроля над насилием; для экстрактивной способности – собираемость подоходных налогов и совокупные доходы государственного бюджета, оба – в процентах к ВВП; для административно-бюрократической способности – агрегированный показатель качества управленческих институтов и уровень теневой экономики), который послужит основой для проведения эмпирического исследования и выделения характерных для отдельных групп стран устойчивых структур государственной состоятельности.
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